Problem :
A few days ago i installed Office 2010 on my Windows 7 laptop, replacing Office 2007. All seemed well and Outlook retrieved emails from my pair of Pop mail servers.
Then i noticed an email appear in my Inbox, only disappear a second later. This has since happened 3 or 4 more times that i have observed. I've searched within Outlook (junk and deleted included) without success. I now have retain on server enabled so that i can use webmail and see the emails - they do not download again.
Solution :
There are 3 common scenarios in which this could happen.
To change or reset your view use;
Change view; tab View-> button Change View-> Compact (and optionally set the Arrangement to Date)
Reset view; tab View-> button Reset View
To verify/change your default delivery location;
File-> section Info-> button Accounts Settings-> Account Settings…-> tab Data Files-> select the Exchange mailbox-> button Set As Default
Additionally, on the E-mail tab, select the Exchange account and verify that your delivery location is set to the correct mailbox.
Third party add-ins
If you have such an add-in installed, you should check their settings to see what they do with the emails; move it to another folder, delete it directly or move it to some storage/quarantine location of their own. You can consult the vendor of the add-in which options are available to you.